
楊牧青日記 對(duì)話
楊牧青談全球甲骨文書法傳播推廣全球行——網(wǎng)視資料第二輯·旨?xì)w論·共3段 2022.10.02 中國(guó)北京
Yang Muqing talks about the global spread and promotion of oracle bone inscriptions calligraphy——The second part of the online video materials ? Purpose Conclusion ? A total of 3 sections 2022.10.02 Beijing, China
海內(nèi)外熱愛文化事業(yè)的有識(shí)人士和喜歡中國(guó)甲骨文書法及其文化的朋友們,大家好:
Distinguished people at home and abroad who love cultural undertakings and friends who like Chinese oracle bone inscriptions calligraphy and its culture
第7段:按“全球行聯(lián)盟總行動(dòng)(總方案)”工作計(jì)劃,圍繞“全球甲骨文書法傳播推廣全球行”、“全球華夏文化全球行”、“全球上古華夏文化追根溯源全球行”、“楊牧青甲骨文書法線上線下課程示講”有關(guān)內(nèi)容,我把研究多年并總結(jié)可視為“金口訣”的10條內(nèi)容分享出來,期以慧者共鳴,當(dāng)然有的內(nèi)容已見于網(wǎng)上,也做了修改,有心者可以去查閱。
According to the work plan, around the relevant contents of "global travel of Oracle calligraphy dissemination and promotion", "global travel of Chinese culture", "global travel of tracing the origin of ancient Chinese culture", and "Yang Muqing's online and offline courses on Oracle calligraphy", here I share some of the contents that I have studied for many years and summarized as "golden secrets". Of course, some have been seen online, hoping to resonate with the wise:
1、楊牧青在發(fā)起籌備的“人類上古文化譜系研究課題”研究基礎(chǔ)上而撰寫了《人類上古文化譜系導(dǎo)讀》、《走出昆侖 一點(diǎn)八方——您所不知道的人類上古文化情愫》、《向全世界人類上古文化研究者倡議》等文論,以及《華夏之源》、《神州之脈》、《中華之本》、《小朋友識(shí)寫甲骨文》、《甲骨金文書法精選》等書冊(cè)的編著推出。
2、在“楊牧青古中國(guó)大昆侖文化史學(xué)觀”思路下,形成了“梳理一百萬年人類上古文化脈絡(luò),以華夏文化文明為主體,辨析世界文化文明來龍去脈,探究五萬年華夏文化路徑,建立三萬年中華文明觀,亟需改觀中華文明五千年、八千年欠準(zhǔn)確欠妥的說法”等觀點(diǎn)。
On the basis of Yang Muqing's research on the "Research Project on the Genealogy of Ancient Human Culture", he wrote such literary theories as "Introduction to the Genealogy of Ancient Human Culture", "Going Out of Kunlun in One Point Eight Directions - What You Don't Know about Ancient Human Culture", "Proposal to Researchers of Ancient Human Culture around the World", as well as "The Source of China", "The Pulse of China", "The Origin of China", "Children's Knowledge of Writing Oracle Bone Inscriptions" Compilation of books such as Selected Calligraphy of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Under the thinking of "Yang Muqing's view of ancient China's Great Kunlun Cultural History", the views of "combing the ancient human cultural context of one million years, taking the Chinese cultural civilization as the main body, analyzing the origin and development of the world's cultural civilization, exploring the path of the Chinese culture of 50000 years, establishing the view of the Chinese civilization of 30000 years, and urgently changing the inaccurate and inappropriate view of the Chinese civilization of 5000 years and 8000 years" were formed.
3、神話即人話,神話就是人說的話。此處“神”不是中西方宗教神的“神”,不是虛構(gòu)的“神”,是實(shí)實(shí)在在的“神”,是神識(shí)、神明?!叭恕弊治闯霈F(xiàn)命名人之前的人就叫“神”,從上古的“神族”變?yōu)橹泄诺摹叭俗濉?,從神到人。其?shí),人類上古神話故事和文化傳說是人類上古時(shí)期創(chuàng)造力和上古時(shí)代智慧性,是與現(xiàn)代人物質(zhì)化理解與文明程度一脈相承的。
4、科學(xué)實(shí)證+玄靈思維是認(rèn)知人類上古文化的基本方法(詳見楊牧青《科學(xué)實(shí)證+玄靈思維是認(rèn)知人類上古文化的基本方法——讓上古文化有生命的延續(xù)力》有關(guān)文稿對(duì)此論述。)
Myths are human words, and myths are human words. Here, "God" is not the "God" of Chinese and Western religious gods, not a fictitious "God", but a real "God", a divine sense and a deity. Before the word "human" appeared, people were called "gods". From the ancient "gods" to the medieval "humanoids", from gods to people. In fact, ancient human myths and cultural legends are the creativity and wisdom of ancient human beings, and they come down in one continuous line with the qualitative understanding and civilization of modern characters.
Scientific demonstration+Xuanling thinking is the basic method to recognize the ancient human culture (see Yang Muqing's "Scientific Demonstration+Xuanling thinking is the basic method to recognize the ancient human culture - to make the ancient culture have the continuity of life" for details)
5、文字是文化發(fā)展到一定階段的身份證,器物是文明發(fā)展到一定階段的戶口簿,文獻(xiàn)記載和器物遺存就像對(duì)歷史發(fā)展錄備的口供。
6、對(duì)甲骨文的認(rèn)識(shí)和研究,新時(shí)代當(dāng)以“楊牧青甲骨文非卜辭說”觀點(diǎn)為側(cè)重:甲骨文不是殷商王朝凡事都要迷信鬼神、求占問卜而留下的契刻文字,在相應(yīng)的時(shí)間段內(nèi)期以能夠改觀當(dāng)今甲骨學(xué)界“甲骨文是卜辭”的主流說法。
甲骨文是商王朝的日常生活記錄,是殷商歷史的文獻(xiàn)資料遺存。當(dāng)今及今后,甲骨文研究必須要建立新的認(rèn)知,構(gòu)建新的解讀方法,突破固有思維模式,激活甲骨學(xué)研究體系,跳出象牙塔,走出“是卜辭”的陰霾,讓廣大甲骨文研究群體活躍起來,使冷門有熱度。
Characters are identity cards when culture develops to a certain stage, and artifacts are household registers when civilization develops to a certain stage. Documentary records and artifacts are like confessions of historical development.
For the understanding and research of oracle bone inscriptions, the new era should focus on the view that "Yang Muqing's oracle bone inscriptions are not oracle inscriptions": oracle bone inscriptions are not the inscriptions left by the Yin and Shang dynasties for superstitious belief in ghosts and gods and seeking divination. In the corresponding period of time, it is expected to change the mainstream view of today's oracle bone scholars that "oracle bone inscriptions are oracle inscriptions".
Oracle bone inscriptions are records of daily life of the Shang Dynasty and remains of historical documents of the Shang Dynasty. Today and in the future, the study of oracle bone inscriptions must establish new cognition, build new interpretation methods, break through the inherent thinking mode, activate the research system of oracle bone inscriptions, jump out of the ivory tower, and walk out of the haze of "divination", so that the majority of oracle bone inscriptions research groups can become active and popular.
7、現(xiàn)行的古生物學(xué)、古人類學(xué)、古遺址發(fā)現(xiàn)等科學(xué)研究表明:人類文化文明發(fā)展史是非常久遠(yuǎn)的,絕不是近代以文字、青銅、城邦(國(guó)家)等“文明三要素”為由而認(rèn)定的人類文明史。我們對(duì)人類文明衡量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和界定出了偏差,愿與所謂的“國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)界”商榷,把對(duì)人類文明的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和界定深入探究,打開心門,創(chuàng)新觀念,不能因地域、民族、國(guó)度上的差異和基本認(rèn)知上的偏差而導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論。
8、世界不是近代以來所說的“四大文明古國(guó)”基本組成狀態(tài),是由一個(gè)人類上古文化文明的軸心時(shí)代——源點(diǎn)——大昆侖文明區(qū)域擴(kuò)散至四面八方,并不斷的互融共通,形成不同的文化文明,誕生了不同的民族和國(guó)家,這個(gè)過程達(dá)數(shù)萬年之久,下限以末次冰河期一萬兩千年前的分界線。
The current scientific research on paleontology, ancient anthropology, ancient site discovery and so on shows that the history of human cultural civilization is very long, and it is not the history of human civilization recognized in modern times on the basis of "three elements of civilization" such as characters, bronze, and city-state (country). We are willing to discuss with the so-called "international academic community" to deeply explore the standards and definitions of human civilization, open the door to new ideas, and not lead to wrong conclusions due to regional, national and national differences and basic cognitive deviations.
The world is not the basic constituent state of the "four ancient civilizations" in modern times, but the "source point" of an axial era of ancient human culture and civilization - the Great Kunlun Civilization Region, which has spread to all directions, and has constantly integrated with each other to form different cultural civilizations and give birth to different nations and countries. This process has lasted for tens of thousands of years, and the lower limit is the boundary line of the last Ice Age 12000 years ago.
9、通過《楊牧青人類上古文化路線分布示意圖》研究表明:人類文化與人類文明以“同源多流、多源共聚、匯聚一源——就是世界的華夏文明為主體”的生成與發(fā)展關(guān)系。人類上古文化文明均源于古中國(guó)大昆侖文明區(qū)域,沿北緯28度至38度之間產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)人類上古文化文明生命帶。
10、天下本一家,世界本大同,人類本和諧,社會(huì)本相安。我們伏愿聚集世界各學(xué)科領(lǐng)軍人物的智慧和資源,促成共識(shí),建立國(guó)際交流,探尋人類社會(huì)不良問題的解決辦法,從文化文明層面詮釋世界75億人乃至百億人口將至的一切根本性的問題。
According to the study of the Schematic Diagram of the Route Distribution of the Ancient Human Culture of Yang Muqing, human culture and human civilization are gradually formed and developed with the principle of "homology, multi flow, and multi source convergence - that is, the Chinese civilization of the world as the main body". A large number of facts show that the ancient human culture and civilization originated from the Great Kunlun Civilization Region of ancient China, starting from the Pamirs Plateau in the west and reaching the Yellow River and Yangtze River in the east, and a belt of ancient human culture and civilization was formed between 28 and 38 degrees north latitude.
The world is based on one family, the world is based on harmony, and society is based on peace. We are willing to gather the wisdom and resources of the world's leading figures in various disciplines, promote consensus, establish international exchanges, explore solutions to the bad problems of human society, and interpret all the fundamental problems of the world's 7.5 billion people and even 10 billion people from the perspective of cultural civilization.
最后,我要說的是,如果沒有“天下心為心”的文化、藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作和創(chuàng)造的“勞作”,那么都不是最高智慧的表現(xiàn)和狹隘自封的體現(xiàn),人類文化文明只有在交流互鑒中才能為人類世界的發(fā)展做出有意義、有價(jià)值的“勞作”。當(dāng)然,從哲學(xué)的角度去審視,這個(gè)“勞作”的意義和價(jià)值本身就是非同尋常人狀態(tài)的一種“勞作”!
Finally, I would like to say that if there is no "work" of culture, artistic creation and creation of "the world's heart is the heart", then it is not the expression of the highest wisdom and the embodiment of narrow-minded self assertion. Only through exchanges and mutual learning can human cultural civilization make meaningful and valuable "work" for the development of the human world. Of course, from the perspective of philosophy, the meaning and value of this "labor" itself is a kind of "labor" in the state of extraordinary people!
第8段:按“全球甲骨文書法傳播推廣全球行”的主題,我在本系列《網(wǎng)視資料第一輯·開篇詞》中講過:“就‘甲骨文書法傳播推廣’面向‘全球行’的時(shí)候,這是一個(gè)很大的系統(tǒng)工程,不僅在書法的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作實(shí)踐上,還需要更大氣力對(duì)學(xué)問的深究,這是需要時(shí)間來等待著驗(yàn)證歷史?!?br>甲骨文書法雖然是“甲骨學(xué)”的一個(gè)分支體系,但又是一個(gè)綜合性的學(xué)科,是一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)理論研究與藝術(shù)實(shí)踐同步進(jìn)行的事情。只有甲骨文書法的學(xué)術(shù)理論研究而沒有甲骨文書法的藝術(shù)實(shí)踐,那是不行的,猶若紙上談兵,空談?wù)摰懒T了。書法及其書法的藝術(shù)特性,畢竟是通過長(zhǎng)期寫出來的,錘煉出來的,不是頭頭是道的理論出來的。
同時(shí),甲骨文書法也必需要有正確的、堅(jiān)實(shí)的學(xué)術(shù)理論研究作為藝術(shù)實(shí)踐的支撐,倘若沒有學(xué)術(shù)上的修為,沒有理論上的突破,沒有研究上的刻苦,那所寫的甲骨文書法只能落入陳規(guī)因守,或入江湖雜耍,或入俗媚之列,難以登堂入室。
聞道有先后,術(shù)業(yè)有專攻。因此上,甲骨文書法就需要科學(xué)的、客觀的、理性的去對(duì)待,去認(rèn)識(shí),正知、正見、正修、正行的“四正道法門”是可資取用,且要勤奮的筆耕不輟。
Finally, I would like to say that if there is no culture, artistic creation and creation of "the world is the heart", it is not the expression of the highest wisdom and the expression of narrow-minded self assertion. Human cultural civilization makes meaningful and valuable work for the development of the human world in the exchange and mutual learning. Of course, from the perspective of philosophy, the meaning and value of this "labor" itself is a state of extraordinary people! According to the work plan of "Global Oracle Calligraphy Communication and Promotion", I said in this series of "Opening Remarks of the First Series of Online Video Materials": "When 'Oracle Calligraphy Communication and Promotion' is oriented to 'Global Travel', this is a big systematic project. Not only in the artistic creation practice of calligraphy, but also in the deep study of knowledge, which takes time to wait for the verification of history."
Although oracle bone inscriptions calligraphy is a branch system of "oracle bone study", it is also a comprehensive discipline, and it is a matter in which academic theoretical research and artistic practice are carried out simultaneously. It is impossible to study the academic theory of oracle bone inscription calligraphy without its artistic practice. It is just like talking on paper. Calligraphy and its artistic characteristics are, after all, written and tempered over a long period of time, not based on the theory of principle.
At the same time, the calligraphy of oracle bone inscriptions must also have correct and solid academic theoretical research as the support of artistic practice. Without academic accomplishments, theoretical breakthroughs, and hard work in research, the calligraphy of oracle bone inscriptions can only fall into the stereotype, or play tricks in the Jianghu, or be popular and flattering, and it is difficult to enter the room.
It is said that there is an order of Taoism, and there is a specialization in the art industry. Therefore, oracle bone inscriptions calligraphy needs to be treated scientifically, objectively and rationally, to understand that the "four orthodox ways" of right knowledge, right view, right practice and right practice are available, and we should work diligently.
三千多年前,甲骨文在產(chǎn)生的時(shí)候,就是書寫與刀刻并用的一個(gè)狀態(tài)。根據(jù)出土骨刻片可知,許多骨片上的文字都是先“書寫”再 “刀契”,也有許多練習(xí)刀刻文字的“習(xí)刻骨片”。著名甲骨文學(xué)者董作賓(1895-1963)先生,是甲骨文“先書而刻”觀點(diǎn)的重要代表人物。
把甲骨刻片上的“文字”放大后,能清楚的看到毛筆書寫痕跡,用朱砂或赭石紅色顏料進(jìn)行書寫,有輕有重,有粗有細(xì),有急有緩,毛筆的起落、轉(zhuǎn)折、行進(jìn)很明顯,線條優(yōu)美,以中鋒圓筆為主,也有側(cè)鋒逆行的,能看出書寫者與刀刻者對(duì)“文字的藝術(shù)”掌握和修養(yǎng),并且傳至商周青銅器銘文“金文”、周秦簡(jiǎn)帛篆隸、漢魏刻石竹帛隸草、唐宋紙卷楷行及至今天,三千余年以來,一脈相承。
從中也證明了中國(guó)使用毛筆寫字的這一種方式方法年代是很久遠(yuǎn)的,改觀了傳統(tǒng)的認(rèn)為“毛筆”是秦代“蒙恬創(chuàng)造”的歷史記載。若再上溯,可追至幾千年乃至上萬年之前的陶器圖紋、洞穴崖畫的描繪上。譬如,距今七千年至五千年仰韶文化的陶器,距今萬年的內(nèi)蒙古陰山崖畫、山西吉縣柿子灘巖畫,還有其后許多年的廣西寧明花山崖畫。(見下圖)
More than 3000 years ago, when oracle bone inscriptions came into being, they were both written and carved with knives. According to the unearthed bone engravings, many of the characters on the bone engravings are "written" before "knife deed", and there are also many "Xi engravings" who practice knife engraving characters. Mr. Dong Zuobin (1895-1963), a famous oracle bone inscriptions scholar, is an important representative of the view that oracle bone inscriptions are written before others.
After magnifying the "characters" on the oracle bone engravings, we can clearly see the writing traces of the brush. The brush is written with red pigment of cinnabar or ochre, ranging from light to heavy, from thick to thin, from quick to slow. The rise and fall, turning, and progression of the brush are very obvious, with beautiful lines. The center round pen is the main one, and the side front is retrograde. It can be seen that the writers and knife engravers have mastered and cultivated the "art of writing", and it was passed on to the bronze inscriptions "Jinwen" The bamboo seal script and clerical script in Zhou and Qin dynasties, the bamboo and silk script and clerical script in Han and Wei dynasties, and the regular script in Tang and Song dynasties have come down in one continuous line for more than 3000 years.
It also proves that the Chinese way of writing with a brush is very old, changing the traditional view that "brush" is the historical record of "created by Mengtian" in the Qin Dynasty. If we go back, we can trace back to the pottery patterns and cave cliff paintings thousands of years, even thousands of years ago. For example, the pottery of Yangshao culture from 7000 to 5000 years ago, the cliff paintings of Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia ten thousand years ago, the rock paintings of Shizitan in Jixian County in Shanxi Province, and the cliff paintings of Huashan Mountain in Ningming County in Guangxi many years later. (See the figure below)
第9段:圍繞“全球甲骨文書法傳播推廣全球行”的主題,我在本系列的上講8個(gè)片段中已分享了些內(nèi)容,接著講:
我們來看“甲骨文書法”這五個(gè)字的基本形體構(gòu)造,以這五字為例,從中能夠?qū)坠俏淖值男纬捎幸粋€(gè)比較清晰的認(rèn)識(shí),以及書法的學(xué)習(xí)也有一個(gè)全新的理解。當(dāng)然,這要涉及到天文學(xué)、民俗學(xué)、宗教學(xué)、圖騰學(xué)、符號(hào)學(xué)、圖畫學(xué)、思維學(xué)、訓(xùn)詁學(xué)、音韻學(xué)、語言學(xué)等對(duì)“文字學(xué)”的“形、音、義”有關(guān)的一切知識(shí)內(nèi)容。(見下圖,截屏自國(guó)學(xué)大師網(wǎng)、漢典網(wǎng)、殷契文淵網(wǎng),謹(jǐn)此感謝。)
According to the work plan of "Global Oracle Calligraphy Dissemination and Promotion", I have shared some contents in the lecture of this series, and then I will talk about:
Let's look at the basic form and structure of the five characters "oracle bone inscriptions calligraphy". Taking these five characters as an example, we can have a clear understanding of the formation of oracle bone inscriptions and a new understanding of calligraphy learning. Of course, this involves astronomy, folklore, religion, totemism, semiotics, painting, thinking, exegetics, phonology, linguistics and other knowledge related to the "form, sound and meaning" of "philology". (See the figure below. The screenshots are taken from Sinology Masters, Handian.com, and Yin Qiwenyuan.com. Thank you.)
甲字是一個(gè)很古老的字,后來遍布世界各地族群文化當(dāng)中。是“賈湖遺址骨刻片符號(hào)”第十六個(gè)字,簡(jiǎn)單的說,“甲”字,表示首領(lǐng),是擁有兵甲領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)力的人,擁有兵戈的是帝或首領(lǐng),擁有財(cái)物是臣或代表帝履行職權(quán)者,擁有文化的是巫咸之類的人……這些都是一大堆上古文化的事兒。在六至八千多年前的賈湖遺址骨刻片上已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了。詳見《全球首發(fā):楊牧青破譯八千年前賈湖遺址16個(gè)符號(hào)文字》一文(2018年11月17日初稿,2019年2月11日修改,2020年7月9日再次修改稿。)
骨字是一個(gè)形聲兼會(huì)意的字,以骨頭的形狀而描繪的,最初也具有尺寸丈量的功用,后來演化到人以胳膊肘、手指、手掌、腳步為尺寸長(zhǎng)度、距離此等的參照工具。
文字,是一個(gè)會(huì)意兼形聲、兼指事的字,其核心的意思是,一個(gè)人把心中想到的表達(dá)出來,有時(shí)間需要用手語,或圖紋裝飾物來配合著表達(dá),所以就是“文以化人”的具體功用。
書字是一個(gè)會(huì)意兼指事的字,在編著的《甲骨文字典》中沒有的,譬如最新版的,復(fù)旦大學(xué)教授、著名甲骨文學(xué)者劉釗與中國(guó)文字博物館首任黨委書記、常務(wù)副館長(zhǎng)馮克堅(jiān)主編的《甲骨文常用字字典》等。最初是借用“聿”字形來表意的,聿就是毛筆,下面開始用“口”字形符號(hào),表明書寫了就要用口說出來,講出來,后來轉(zhuǎn)化為“日”字形符號(hào),表意書寫這種事是每天必須要干的事情,并且要參照太陽運(yùn)行的法則,以應(yīng)天道。
法字是一個(gè)會(huì)意兼指事、兼形聲的字,古代用一種類似鹿的神獸來判斷公平、公正與否,后來加“水”字形符號(hào),表示法要如水一樣的平準(zhǔn),并且也寓意“法”要“去”掉有“水”分的成分,水善向下,以達(dá)到公平、公正的結(jié)果,否則將會(huì)遭受神獸“鹿”用角來抵觸其黑心以做懲罰的。
每一個(gè)甲骨文字,就是一段歷史,就是一段故事,就是一把解讀人類上古文化文明的金鑰匙。只要活學(xué)活用的掌握漢字的“形音義”和“六書” 基本法則,再加上“玄靈思維”,一切疑難的問題都會(huì)迎刃而解。但是,現(xiàn)實(shí)的情況,往往是:孫悟空想做與天平起平坐的大圣人,結(jié)果玉帝老兒和他們的天庭不答應(yīng),連個(gè)“齊天大圣”的封號(hào)都舍不得給,誰知他歷經(jīng)九九八十一難后成了“斗戰(zhàn)勝佛”。再者,好像電視節(jié)目中也出現(xiàn)過類似的情節(jié),有一位農(nóng)民說“宇宙波”如何如何時(shí),卻被一伙兒所謂的知識(shí)精英給嘲諷不已;還有一位小青年曾對(duì)某網(wǎng)的發(fā)展做出最終要失敗淘汰的判決時(shí),被幾個(gè)所謂的資本精英譏笑不已……等等,都表明了一個(gè)社會(huì)文化教育、思維、認(rèn)知的大問題,這就需要我們從自身修起,從自身、從當(dāng)下出發(fā)。
當(dāng)然,甲骨文書法是寫出來的,不是玩空的,是理論加實(shí)踐的一種行為,是需要廣眾化的傳播推廣出去的。最后,我再把“全球甲骨文書法傳播推廣全球行”、“全球華夏文化全球行”、“全球上古華夏文化追根溯源全球行”、“楊牧青甲骨文書法線上線下課程示講”這幾個(gè)議題列示一下,這是我們的工作重心,期以、熱忱歡迎各界人士予以大力支持和幫助!此致 楊牧青
Oracle bone inscriptions calligraphy is written, which is an act of theory and practice, and needs to be widely spread. Finally, I would like to list the topics of "Global Oracle Calligraphy Dissemination and Promotion", "Global Chinese Culture Global Travel", "Global Ancient Chinese Culture Global Travel", and "Yang Muqing's Oracle Calligraphy Online and Offline Course Demonstration". These are the focus of our work, and we warmly welcome people from all walks of life to give strong support and help! Sincerely Yang Muqing
延伸閱讀>>
視頻第6段:楊牧青談全球甲骨文書法傳播推廣全球行
視頻第2段:楊牧青談全球甲骨文書法傳播推廣全球行
視頻第1段:楊牧青談全球甲骨文書法傳播推廣全球行
楊牧青談全球華夏文化全球行(全球行聯(lián)盟總行動(dòng)之主要議題之一)
